On The Edge, p. 52 to 57

US History 

Page 52-57

Commercial Expansion & The Road To Empire
1. Republicans embraced an expansionist foreign policy
2. business leaders sought new outlets for the national surplus
3. corporate leaders brought the domestic economy into a global marketplace by seeking foreign markets, raw materials, and investment opportunities
4. pressure for a more assertive foreign policy came from Captain Mahan, Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Lodge, & John Hay.
5. Mahan called for a large navy to secure strategic sea-lanes, overseas markets, and unity @ home. 
6. patricians such as Roosevelt were concerned immigrants would dilute America’s Anglo-Saxon ethnic heritage
7. Roosevelt wanted war in the Pacific: the Pacific was a path for US expansion
8. William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer provided sensationalist coverage of Spanish concentration camps, brutality & rape
9. economic depression in 1898
10. the State Department was concerned that Germany might gain control of Cuba-Spain had retreated.
11. civil war in Cuba in 1897
12. McKinley signed an annexation treaty with a revolutionary regime that had been created by US interests in Hawaii, although a bloc of “anti-imperialists” prevented immediate ratification in the Senate. 

The Spanish-American War & The Open Door Policy
1. McKinley was not anxious to go to war
2. sent the Maine battleship to Havana
3. the Maine sank, 260 US sailors were killed (Howard Zinn was upset @ the complacency the public has for such events)
4. internal combustion destroyed the ship?
5. McKinley requested a declaration of war in April 1898
6. the Cuban rebels were on the verge of success
7. the war was extremely popular @ home
8. John Hay, Secretary of State called it a “splendid little war”
9. 17,000 soldiers, the rough riders led by Leonard Wood & Lieutenant Theodore Roosevelt
10. local guerillas held large parts of the island
11. US General William Shafter refused to allow Cubans to sign truce
12. US forces took Puerto Rico with minimal fighting
13. war fatalities: 379 troops + 5,000 deaths from disease, bad sanitation, rotten meat
14. prostitution, race-mixing and venereal diseases were condemned by moralists
15. McKinley convinced Congress to pass a joint resolution authorizing the annexation of Hawaii
16. the Paris Peace Treaty of 18989: Spain gave up Cuba, USA got to control the Philippines, Guam & Puerto Rico
17. 19th century(1800s) tradition generally promoted nonintervention and self-determination
18. McKinley promoted expansionism, imperialism
19. The Anti-Imperialist League (began 1898) opposed Senate ratification of the Paris Peace Treaty
20. William Jennings Bryan, Benjamin Harrison(former president), Grover Cleveland (former president), Andrew Carnegie (industrialist), Samuel Gompers (labor leader), William James (intellectual), William Graham Sumner (intellectual), Mark Twain (intellectual)
21. southern colonies didn’t want annexation where mixing of races would occur
22. US trade COULD be extended without colonies or military force
23. imperialists wanted trade in the Caribbean, Pacific & East Asia
24. the Paris Treaty passed 57 to 27, barely met the two thirds vote needed for ratification
25. the treaty gave Cuba nominal independence
26. US forced Cuba to accept the Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution
27. Washington got broad authority over Cuban affairs
28. US was allowed to establish a permanent naval base @ Guantanamo Bay
29. USA could intervene militarily in Cuba at will
30. In the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo turned his struggle against Spain into a war for independence against USA
31. the army put Philippine citizens in concentration camps, destroyed villages/crops, adopted torture tactics
32. the Army built roads, schools & sewers in Cuba
33. 200,000 dead Filipino soldiers, 4,000 dead US soldiers
34. another decade of fighting with Muslims happened in the S. Philippines
35. The US had military outposts in Hawaii, Guam & the Philippines
36. 1899, Sec. of State John Hay issued the Open Door Notes
37. Us business in Asia had to be protected
38. Nationalist Chinese students attacked foreign embassies & massacred missionaries, 2,500 US troops arrived
39. Hay promoted “equal & impartial trade”
40. US didn’t have the naval power to enforce the Open Door Policy
41. Europe & Japan didn’t want a war over the division of China

Urban Progressives & Reformers
1. Washington politicians looked abroad to strengthen the economy
2. reformers wanted to eliminate corruption & inefficiency in local governments
3. middle/rich Anglo-Protestant Republicans, progressive reformers challenged the patronage machine of Tammany Hall in NY
4. Tammany Hall controlled more jobs than Carnegie Steel
5. machine bosses received bribes from liquor, prostitution, gambling
6. city officials sold municipal contracts for public transit lines, road construction & public utilities
7. 1903, corporate bribes for NYC franchises surpassed $470 million
8. corruption put burdens on municipalities’ treasuries/taxpaters
9. E. L. Godkin, editor of the Nation proposed to attack patronage with merit examinations for public employees
10. The Civil Service Act of 1883 established tests for a small %age of federal job seekers
11. Republicans didn’t support much expansion of civil-service reform
12. mugwamps abandoned the Republican Party
13. Theodore Roosevelt remained loyal to the national ticket but tried to fight municipal corruption
14. Roosevelt was the head of NY Board of Police Commissioners, toured police beats to curtail vice on NY’s Lower East Side.
p. 58 DONE