US History, Horowitz Text, p. 57-69

US History, p. 57-69

Urban Progressives & Reformers

• 1. Washington politicians looked abroad to strengthen the economy + reinvigorate
• 2. reformers sought to eliminate corruption/inefficiency in local governments
• 3. NY’s Tammany Hall, controlled a $12 M payroll & more jobs than Carnegie Steel
• 4. machine bosses received bribes from liquor, prostitution, gambling
• 5. 1903, corporate bribes for NY Franchises - $470M
• 6. politician George Washington Plunkitt defended the activities as “honest graft.”
• 7. E. L. Godkin, editor of the Nation wanted civil service reform
• 8. Roosevelt patrolled NY’s Lower East Side
• 1) civic responsibility, 2) social responsibility, 3) citizenship

Urban Reform

• 1. machine politicians in Galveston, TX didn’t respond to a tidal wave
• 2. Galveston plan, civil service examinations administered
• 3. The Shame Of The Cities,
• 4. cities lowered public utility & transit rates
• 5. 2/3 of the nation’s cities owned and operated municipal waterworks by 1915
• a. introduced city planners, public health officials, sanitary engineers, housing officers, community development advisers & corporate experts
• b. used the secret ballot
• c. moved voting from saloons to public schools/libraries
• d. residency requirements for voter registration
• e. produced a 20% decline in voter participation between 1890-1920
• f. S. Dems supported 1) direct primary, 2) alcohol prohibition, 3) worker’s compensation, 4) regulation of railroads/utilities
• g. Republican reform governors in Oregon, S. Dakota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri challenged boss control of legislatures, 1) promoted direct primary, 2) referendum, 3) voter’s initiative-voters proposed legislation
• h. governor Robert M. La Follette, “Wisconsin Idea,” “Laboratory of democracy.”
• i. Gov. Folk’s “Missouri Idea,” a program that used the law to restrain bribery, bossism, and excessive corporate power
• j. Folk: 1) regulate lobbyists, 2) regulate railroads, 3) pressed trusts on Standard Oil
• k. Cummins-Iowa, Beveridge-Indiana, Charles Evans-New York, Johnson-California governors
• l. N. Progressives: regulate women’s and children’s labor
• m. Muller v. Oregon, Brandeis won special protections for women such as shorter hours
• n. limited women’s equality in the workforce until the 1960s
• o. Socialists: government ownership, Conservatives: free marketplace

Roosevelt & Corporate Progressivism

• 1. William Jennings Bryan criticized imperial expansion
• 2. McKinley, Roosevelt: incumbents, won 52% of the vote
• 3. Leon Czolgosz shot McKinley in Buffalo @ the Pan-American Exposition
• 4. Roosevelt: born to comfort & poor health
• a. commitment to the strenuous life, violence & struggle are important
• b. man: “work, fight, breed.”
• c. soldier, cowboy, big-game hunter, author
• d. zestfully embraced the task of politics
• e. won election as governor of New York
• f. Republican Party bosses were afraid of Roosevelt’s progressivism
• g. “bully pulpit” for a national agenda, define the public interest & mold opinion
• h. the White House sent drafts of proposed bills to Congress
• i. advanced “corporate progressivism.”, used the state to regulate big business
• j. irresponsible/greedy management would encourage social unrest & radical politics
• k. wanted to revitalize the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
• l. targeted the N. Securities Company, a huge holding company, tried to restrain trade
• m. modified the Knight case, gave new vitality to the Sherman Act
• n. earned a reputation as a “trust buster.”
• o. 1911, Supreme court held up dissolution of Standard Oil & the American Tobacco Company
• p. Roosevelt: preserve corporate stability, encouraged business leaders to accept labor unions
• q. National Civic Federation (NCF): founded by Mark Hanna in 1900: 1) harmony between labor & management, 2) promoted trust regulations, 3) workers compensation, 4) company welfare programs
• r. Samuel Gompers of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was invited to serve as the vice president of the NCF
• s. John Mitchell: led United Mine Workers (UMW): 1) demanded a 10-20% wage increase, 2) an 8 hour day, 3) management’s recognition of the union
• t. Roosevelt summoned both sides to a conference: miners received a 10% raise & a 9 hour day BUT owners raised prices 10% and wouldn’t recognize the union
• u. Roosevelt did not champion unions
• v. Roosevelt wanted to save federally owned forests from unplanned economic exploitation by private interests
• w. Roosevelt: government would build dams & irrigation systems throughout the West
• y. ranchers/growers accessed cheap water through dams constructed through the Bureau of Reclamation
• z. 16 national monuments, 5 national parks, 51 wildlife refuges-off limits to economic development
• 1. Gifford Pinchot, head of the Bureau of Forestry
• a. promoted scientific management of forests

The Square Deal

• 1. Roosevelt’s “Square Deal,” federal government tried to eliminate inequalities in national life
• a. won 57% of the vote in 1904
• b. expanded the power of the federal bureaucracy and presidency
• c. railroad regulation reforms: agrarian radicals & middle class reformers were pleased
• d. Elkins Act of 1903, outlawed rebates from railroads to large shipper
• e. Hepburn Act, 1906, increased the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) & provided the commission with greater authority to set transportation rates
• f. Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906: improve consumer confidence in products
• g. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, meatpacking industry abuses
• h. stock market crash of 1907,
• i. major NY banks failed
• j. Morgan’s US Steel was allowed to violate antitrust laws by absorbing a TN mining subsidiary
• k. Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908, gave nat’l banks additional flexibility
• l. established a National Monetary Commission to study the banking system
• m. Congress rejected bills to 1) supervise corporate competition, 2) regulate railroad securities, 3) establish income & inheritance taxes, 4) limit court injunctions against labor unions, 5) to establish an 8-hr day for federal employees
• n. Roosevelt attacked conservative judges for 1) blocking unions, 2) state worker’s compensation laws, and the regulation of women’s working conditions by the states
• o. opponent of “fool radicalism” of socialists & the selfishness of “malefactors of great wealth.”

Roosevelt & World Power, p. 68-69

• 1. Roosevelt hoped to consolidate the strategic & commercial gains of the Spanish-American War
• a. wanted to build a canal through Central America
• b. a US controlled canal would permit Latin America to develop as a prosperous region independent of outside forces & capable of upholding “civilized values.”
• c. Roosevelt invited British help in the construction of the Central American canal
• d. 1901, the Hay-Herran Treaty with Columbia, secured permanent rights to a canal zone through the middle of Panama
• e. difficult to make a deal with Columbia rulers
• f. US warships supported Panama’s move for independence
• g. 40 mile-long lock canal, opened in 1914
• h. Roosevelt Corollary > Monroe Doctrine
• i. US right to intervene
• j. US would be an international police power
• k. 1905, Roosevelt sent troops to Santo Domingo to forstall a revolution that would benefit German shipping interests
• l. sought to contain the spread of Japanese power in Asia
• m. Treaty of Portsmouth, end of Russo-Japanese War
• n. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906
• o. the Chinese Empire collapsed, Japan sent powerful naval fleets to China
• p. Root-Takahira Treaty, 1908: compelled Washington to accept Japanese restrictions on the Open Door policy in Manchuria
• q. Japan agreed to respect the policy in the rest of China
• r. Roosevelt wanted to restrain the expansion of German influence
• s. Algeciras Conference of 1906, supported British & French interests in N. Africa
• t. Roosevelt framed a foreign policy directed toward a stable world order & an open door for US corporations

Plunkitt of Tammany Hall(1905), Spirit Of Youth (1909), Souls Of Black Folk(1903)

Plunkitt

• 1. study human nature & act accordingly
• 2. college gives you a false view of human nature
• 3. cement loyalty: glee club, base-ball club, give them opportunities to show themselves off
• 4. gave the Citizens Union nice desks
• 5. won 5 votes to 14,000
• 6. give civil service jobs for votes
• 7. campaign literature upsets voters
• 8. send fire-engines, buy clothes
• 9. poor people have more friends in their neighborhoods
• 10. knows every big employer
• 11. give children candy, they are good vote getters

Spirit of Youth, Ch. I Youth In The City

• 1. industrialism led to large labor supply
• 2. city is based on industry
• 3. girls are unsupervised, valued for their labor power
• 4. boys can earn money independently & spend it on vice
• 5. society cares more about the products girls produce not their childhood
• 6. all public recreation is commercial
• 7. middle age people try to put restrictions on youthful behavior
• 8. alcohol is sold to the youth
• 9. joy, lust, gaiety, debauchery
• 10. girls are exploited in the factories and then exploited by sellers
• 11. the overworked girls are very self-conscious

The Souls Of Black Folk, W. E. B. Dubois

• 1. Egyptian > Indian > Greek > Roman > Teuton > Mongolian > Negro(7th son)
• 2. double-consciousness
• 3. contempt/pity
• 4. two-warring ideals
• 5. strength keeps the Negro going
• 6. “the history of the American Negro is the history of this strife, this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better & truer self.”
• 7. struggle to be both a Negro & an American
• 8. America has much to teach Africa
• 9. struggle to live without being cursed/spit on
• 10. struggle to seize opportunities
• 11. want to add to culture

Class Notes US History 10/05/2009

Class Notes US History 10/05/2009

1. education would only make a good field-hand
2. Tillman, extremely wealthy planter, takes over S. Carolina
3. Watson, different Populist Party, racist/nativism, calls for disenfranchisement of blacks, supports Polk Smith(D), 
4. state constitution convention: put white in front of qualification for voting
5. terrorist campaigns against blacks trying to vote in Louisiana
6. 1890s: whites try to take away the vote 
7. 4,000 blacks were lynched, 3rd part of segregation to protect the “purity” of white-women 
8. Ida Wells Barnet, spoke truth to power, moved to Chicago
9. Successful blacks were lynched
10. Northern investors were developing the market in the south, rural crop economy to consumer economy.
11. American elections were run like military campaigns, tightly disciplined
12. politics: power & patronage
13. McKinley: 10:1 Money capacity 
14. Hanna focused on criticizing Bryan’s campaign
15. society was an interdependent web of producers
16. organized labor supports the protective tariff
17. Bryan, rural imagery, long speeches, 
18. McKinley expands the power of the office of the presidency 
19. McKinley creates a new tariff 
20. wool, silk, cattle hides: higher tariffs

The Significance Of The American Frontier & The 20th Century Will Be American

Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance Of The American Frontier,” 1893
1. the conditions of frontier life shaped intellectual life in America

Traits
1. coarseness
2. strength
3. acuteness
4. inquisitiveness
5. practical
6. inventive
7. quick to find expedients
8. a masterful grasp of material things
9. lacking in the artistic
10. powerful to effect great ends
11. restless, nervous energy
12. dominant individualism-for good & evil. 
13. buoyancy
14. exuberance
15. frontier: new opportunities, not caught up in a stubborn way of thinking, 
16. freshness
17. confidence
18. new institutions & activities will be developed 

Senator Albert Beveridge (R-IN), “The Twentieth Century Will Be American,” January 1, 1900. 

1. America was conquering new lands
2. new lands will create new markets
3. American culture is less debased, nobler, virile
4. other cultures are debased, decaying
5. Americans are God’s favored people
6. Americans are to be the master organizers of the world 
7. Americans are to make order out of chaos in the world 

On The Edge, p. 52 to 57

US History 

Page 52-57

Commercial Expansion & The Road To Empire
1. Republicans embraced an expansionist foreign policy
2. business leaders sought new outlets for the national surplus
3. corporate leaders brought the domestic economy into a global marketplace by seeking foreign markets, raw materials, and investment opportunities
4. pressure for a more assertive foreign policy came from Captain Mahan, Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Lodge, & John Hay.
5. Mahan called for a large navy to secure strategic sea-lanes, overseas markets, and unity @ home. 
6. patricians such as Roosevelt were concerned immigrants would dilute America’s Anglo-Saxon ethnic heritage
7. Roosevelt wanted war in the Pacific: the Pacific was a path for US expansion
8. William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer provided sensationalist coverage of Spanish concentration camps, brutality & rape
9. economic depression in 1898
10. the State Department was concerned that Germany might gain control of Cuba-Spain had retreated.
11. civil war in Cuba in 1897
12. McKinley signed an annexation treaty with a revolutionary regime that had been created by US interests in Hawaii, although a bloc of “anti-imperialists” prevented immediate ratification in the Senate. 

The Spanish-American War & The Open Door Policy
1. McKinley was not anxious to go to war
2. sent the Maine battleship to Havana
3. the Maine sank, 260 US sailors were killed (Howard Zinn was upset @ the complacency the public has for such events)
4. internal combustion destroyed the ship?
5. McKinley requested a declaration of war in April 1898
6. the Cuban rebels were on the verge of success
7. the war was extremely popular @ home
8. John Hay, Secretary of State called it a “splendid little war”
9. 17,000 soldiers, the rough riders led by Leonard Wood & Lieutenant Theodore Roosevelt
10. local guerillas held large parts of the island
11. US General William Shafter refused to allow Cubans to sign truce
12. US forces took Puerto Rico with minimal fighting
13. war fatalities: 379 troops + 5,000 deaths from disease, bad sanitation, rotten meat
14. prostitution, race-mixing and venereal diseases were condemned by moralists
15. McKinley convinced Congress to pass a joint resolution authorizing the annexation of Hawaii
16. the Paris Peace Treaty of 18989: Spain gave up Cuba, USA got to control the Philippines, Guam & Puerto Rico
17. 19th century(1800s) tradition generally promoted nonintervention and self-determination
18. McKinley promoted expansionism, imperialism
19. The Anti-Imperialist League (began 1898) opposed Senate ratification of the Paris Peace Treaty
20. William Jennings Bryan, Benjamin Harrison(former president), Grover Cleveland (former president), Andrew Carnegie (industrialist), Samuel Gompers (labor leader), William James (intellectual), William Graham Sumner (intellectual), Mark Twain (intellectual)
21. southern colonies didn’t want annexation where mixing of races would occur
22. US trade COULD be extended without colonies or military force
23. imperialists wanted trade in the Caribbean, Pacific & East Asia
24. the Paris Treaty passed 57 to 27, barely met the two thirds vote needed for ratification
25. the treaty gave Cuba nominal independence
26. US forced Cuba to accept the Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution
27. Washington got broad authority over Cuban affairs
28. US was allowed to establish a permanent naval base @ Guantanamo Bay
29. USA could intervene militarily in Cuba at will
30. In the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo turned his struggle against Spain into a war for independence against USA
31. the army put Philippine citizens in concentration camps, destroyed villages/crops, adopted torture tactics
32. the Army built roads, schools & sewers in Cuba
33. 200,000 dead Filipino soldiers, 4,000 dead US soldiers
34. another decade of fighting with Muslims happened in the S. Philippines
35. The US had military outposts in Hawaii, Guam & the Philippines
36. 1899, Sec. of State John Hay issued the Open Door Notes
37. Us business in Asia had to be protected
38. Nationalist Chinese students attacked foreign embassies & massacred missionaries, 2,500 US troops arrived
39. Hay promoted “equal & impartial trade”
40. US didn’t have the naval power to enforce the Open Door Policy
41. Europe & Japan didn’t want a war over the division of China

Urban Progressives & Reformers
1. Washington politicians looked abroad to strengthen the economy
2. reformers wanted to eliminate corruption & inefficiency in local governments
3. middle/rich Anglo-Protestant Republicans, progressive reformers challenged the patronage machine of Tammany Hall in NY
4. Tammany Hall controlled more jobs than Carnegie Steel
5. machine bosses received bribes from liquor, prostitution, gambling
6. city officials sold municipal contracts for public transit lines, road construction & public utilities
7. 1903, corporate bribes for NYC franchises surpassed $470 million
8. corruption put burdens on municipalities’ treasuries/taxpaters
9. E. L. Godkin, editor of the Nation proposed to attack patronage with merit examinations for public employees
10. The Civil Service Act of 1883 established tests for a small %age of federal job seekers
11. Republicans didn’t support much expansion of civil-service reform
12. mugwamps abandoned the Republican Party
13. Theodore Roosevelt remained loyal to the national ticket but tried to fight municipal corruption
14. Roosevelt was the head of NY Board of Police Commissioners, toured police beats to curtail vice on NY’s Lower East Side.
p. 58 DONE

10/02/2009 US History Class Notes

10/02/2009 US History Class Notes

• 1. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, excessive competition
• 2. most important social movement: on small farmers
• 3. farmers depended on railroads/remote banking institutions
• 4. land grants went to corporations over farmers
• 5. Homestead Act of 1862, free 160 acres of land
• 6. farmers want regulation of railroads, state laws are created, Supreme Court strikes them down.
• 7. farmer’s: 1st cooperative movement, want a “level playing field.”
• 8. “raise less corn & more hell.”
• 9. farmers wanted more dollar bills in circulation, debtor’s interest.
• 10. silver should be 1/16 of gold: bi-metalism, 16:1 ratio.
• 11. nonperishable crops were kept in government warehouses
• 12. redistribute resources away from big banking to independent farmers
• 13. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, regulate commerce among the states, federal government could regulate commerce among the states
• 14. Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890: outlawed restraints of trade against the public interest
• 15. common law precedent: reasonable/unreasonable restraints of trade & commerce
• 16. Knight Case: further restrictions on the Sherman Anti-trust Act: federal government did not have jurisdiction over manufacturing, labor unions were held liable.
• 17. Ignatius Donally, a Roman Catholic novelist, wanted settlers to get railroad land-grants
• 18. Omaha Platform,
• 19. call for graduated/progressive federal income tax on the wealthy
• 20. call for government ownership
• 21. Populist: 1st major 3rd party, scared of concentration of power
• 22. Populist: want some government nervous about government power
• 23. Ran Weaver for President, 10 members to US house, 5 US Senators, 3 governors.
• 24. Grover Cleveland won in 1892 (won 2 terms, not consecutive)
• 25. Cleveland supports the gold standard & high tariff
• 26. Gold standard, less credit, less money, helps the bankers
• 27. Pennsylvania Reading Railroad goes bankrupt, stock-market crash
• 28. Depression of 1893-1897, 15,000 businesses go bankrupt, 20% unemployment
• 29. The American Federation Of Labor survives the D. of 1893
• 30. Coxey’s army, march to Washington, demand $500 million spent on road-building
• 31. William Jennings Bryan, made his name in Nebraska, elected to Congress in 1892
• 32. Bryan: leading exponent on Populist views, speech over “free silver,” criticizes the arrogant, imperial government. Farmers are real producers, bankers are parasites.
• 33. American manufacturing workers wanted protective tariffs
• 34. Bryan, evangelical moral reformer. 36 years old, wins Democratic nomination.
• 35. Jim Crow Laws,
• 36. Plessy v. Ferguson: Separate but “Equal”

Class Notes, 09/30/2009

1. 1869: 9 Billion, 1900: $29 Billion
2. Carnegie, Rockefeller: major players
3. employment in steel-10x
4. major confrontation in Homestead, Pennsylvania: union went on strike, workers locked out, strikebreakers brought in, Union loyalists attacked the barge
5. Gospel Of Wealth: “obligations” of the wealthy to the poor
6. Carnegie gave away 90% of his wealth
7. first $Billion dollar corporation in American history-consolidation of resources, monopolistic
8. Rockefeller: $ is in refining oil, ruthlessness!
9. Rockefeller: organized a trust, “Mother Of All Trusts”
10. 1911 Standard Oil is broken up, under Sherman Anti-trust act
11. powerful corporations have virtual monopolies
12. issue of trust, major political football, concern of progressive reform
13. the development of a corporate economy (corporatism/fascism?)
14. steel, oil, railroads-economic engine
15. pay by hour, not by task
16. uniform standard time was needed 
17. 1880s, 70% of the country’s wealth held by 10% of the people
18. 1916: 60% of the country’s wealth held by 2% of the people
19. a small # of industrial corporations controlled 1/2 of the manufacturing
20. Republicans: packed the Supreme Court, supported corporate privilege
21. Santa Clara, gives corporations Bill of Rights protections of 5th & 14th amendments.
22. Progress & Poverty (George), The Gilded Age (Mark Twain)
23. Belamie: perfect civilization, utopia, all cooperative, society was like a train
24. Gladden: Applied Christianity, being a Christian is being compassionate for your fellow man, the Social Gospel
25. Charles Sheldon, In His Steps, 1896 story of dying vagrant, stumbles into a church, 2nd most selling book in America next to the Bible
26. America’s independent farmers-moral backbone of America, economically independent, close to nature, strong-hard working, family-oriented, Bible-oriented people
27. North and East: two sections that prevailed over the South (Civil War), the Homestead Act of 1862, 160 acres of land in the West
28. Independent farmers were disillusioned by Republican Party, felt powerless. Railroad prices for carrying products decreased, farmers had easier access to credit, agricultural machinery made productivity higher but prices for crops were declining. 
29. railroads: arbitrary rates, American farmers were always dependent on bankers, dependent on unpredictable factors
30. Farmers organized with Grange Movement in the 1870s. Failed because of conservative courts wouldn’t allow state regulations to be enforced. 
31. sought to regulate railroad rates. 
32. Women: some of most outspoken leaders: masses vs. the classes (upper)
33. Wanted federal regulation of the trusts/railroads